1 corn
Corn is the king of energy feeds. In energy feeds, corn dominates, which is unmatched by any other energy feeds. At present, the main use of corn in the world is as feed, accounting for 70% to 75%. The nutritional value of corn as feed is characterized as follows:
(1) High available energy value: corn is the highest available energy among cereals, such as metabolizable energy (chicken) is 13.56 joules/kg, digestible energy (pig) is 14.27 joules/kg, this is because corn Crude fiber content is low, only 2%; nitrogen-free extract is high, 72%, and mainly starch, with high digestibility; fat content is high, about 4%, which is twice that of wheat and other wheat seeds, so corn Availability may be the highest grain fruit.
(2) Corn protein content is low (7% to 9%), poor quality, lack of lysine and tryptophan. For example, the content of lysine in corn is 0.24%, and the content of tryptophan is 0.07%. The reason is that most of the corn protein is zein, and its quality is lower than that of grain protein.
(3) Corn contains high linoleic acid: Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid, which cannot be synthesized in animals and can only be provided from feed, and is the most important essential fatty acid. When chickens lack linoleic acid, growth is slow, edema, subcutaneous hemorrhage, uneven growth of feathers, disheveled, dull, and decreased egg production rate.
The linoleic acid content of corn reaches 2%, which is the highest content among all grain feeds. In the chicken's diet, the linoleic acid content is required to be 1%. If the proportion of corn in the diet reaches more than 50%, only corn can meet the chicken's requirement for linoleic acid.
(4) Vitamins: Corn is rich in vitamin E, with an average of 20 mg/kg, while vitamins D, K, B, B1 are lacking, and Bl is more in water-soluble vitamins. Fresh corn is rich in vitamins, but after a long storage time, insect bites, summer or mildew can reduce the vitamin content in corn.
(5) Minerals: Corn contains very little calcium, only about 0.02%; phosphorus is about 0.25%, of which phytate phosphorus accounts for 50% to 60%; iron, copper, manganese, zinc, selenium and other trace elements are also less.
(6) Pigment: Yellow corn contains more pigments, mainly p. carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin. The content of lutein is about 20 mg/kg. Together with zeaxanthin, it has an important effect on the coloring of egg yolk and broiler chicken feet, skin and beak, especially on the coloring of egg yolk, and its effect is better than that of alfalfa meal and broiler chicken. Silkworm dung carotenoids. The main factors affecting the quality of corn are moisture, storage time, broken kernels and mildew. High moisture content, difficult to store, and easy to promote the growth of Aspergillus flavus. Moldy corn can reduce palatability and chicken weight gain, and even show symptoms of poisoning. Corn is high in fat and mostly unsaturated fatty acids. Corn kernels are easy to store and easy to oxidize and deteriorate after crushing, so crushed cornmeal should be eaten as soon as possible.
2. Rice bran meal
Rice bran meal is the product of rice bran leaching and degreasing. Rice bran is a by-product in the process of rice processing. It is a mixture of the cortex and rice germ and broken rice that are ground during the whitening process of brown rice. Fresh rice bran is yellow and contains rice bran. Fragrance, rich in nutritional value. Which contains 15% to 20% of oil, oil contains oleic acid, linoleic acid, phospholipids, etc., and also contains a lot of protein, vitamins, minerals and so on.
3. Rice meal
The commercial name is also called "Rice Meal Tianzhen" or "Mizhen", "Rice Tangzhen", which is the essence of rice nutrition. It is a natural nutritious food for human beings made from embryo and aleurone layer, which is a natural nutritious health food for human beings. Rice bran—the milled offal of brown rice that protects the cortex; the original meaning of bran meal is the worthless thing left after the grain has been de-essed. About 80% of the finished product can be separated from rice bran, and its value is absolutely different from the current seven or eighty cents per pound of rice bran. Every 50 grams should be the same price as 500 grams of high-grade rice. In China, the output value of rice meal will exceed that of milled rice and become the real main product. Through a large number of studies, it has been proved that the germ and aleurone layer of less than 8% of the rice is enriched with 63% of the important nutrients of the whole grain and more than 90% of the essential elements of the human body. The embryo and aleurone layer are enriched with vitamin E (150-300mg/100g), γ-aminobutyric acid (20-50mg/100g), glutathione (15-38mg/100g), angular Squalene (5-30mg/100g), vitamin B, linoleic acid, rice germ protein, inositol hexaphosphate, γ-oryzanol, γ-ferulic acid, N-dehydroceramide, dietary fiber, hemicellulose, etc. .
4. Soybean meal
Soybean meal is a by-product obtained after soybean oil is extracted. According to different extraction methods, it can be divided into two types: first-dip soybean meal and second-dip soybean meal. Wherein, the by-product after extracting soybean oil by leaching method is the first-leaching soybean meal, and first extracting the oil by pressing, and then the by-product obtained after leaching the oil is called the second-leaching soybean meal. According to national standards, soybean meal is divided into three grades, first-grade soybean meal, second-grade soybean meal and third-grade soybean meal. Soybean meal is generally in the form of irregular pieces, the color is light yellow to light brown, and the taste has the aroma of roasted soybeans. Its main components are: protein, lysine, tryptophan, and methionine.
The crude protein content of soybean meal is high, generally between 40% and 50%, the essential amino acid content is high, and the composition is reasonable. The content of lysine is the highest in the meal, which is 2.4%-2.8%. A lysine to arginine ratio of approximately 1:1.3 is appropriate. If combined with a large amount of corn and a small amount of fish meal, it is very suitable for poultry amino acid nutritional needs.